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How to Use Text Sets in the Classroom (+ Free Resources)

How to Use Text Sets in the Classroom (+ Free Resources)

By Leah Allen-Manning

Last updated: July 17, 2025

Helping Young Learners Think Big

Every elementary teacher wants students to grow into curious, confident thinkers who understand the world around them. One of the best ways to support that growth is through reading. Books can take students to faraway places, introduce them to new ideas and cultures, and help them learn how to solve problems—all while building important reading skills.

As more schools focus on supporting the whole child, reading and language arts teachers have an exciting opportunity to help students grow not just as readers, but as learners across all subjects. One powerful way to do this is by building students’ background knowledge.

Why Background Knowledge Matters

Cognitive scientist Daniel T. Willingham says, “knowledge brings more knowledge” (Willingham, 2006). When students already know a little about a topic, they’re better prepared to understand and remember what they read or learn. For example, a student who knows how to play soccer may find it easier to solve a math word problem about the game. Building background knowledge helps make learning equitable for all students, so success doesn’t depend on what a child’s interests are.

But how can teachers grow students’ knowledge while also teaching them to read?

That’s where Text Sets come in.

Table of Contents


    What Are Text Sets?

    A text set is a curated collection of materials and resources centered around a common theme, topic, or question. The goal of teaching with a text set is to build cross-curricular content knowledge and deepen understanding of a topic.

    Text sets can include a variety of formats and genres, such as:

    • Novels or short stories
    • Nonfiction books
    • Essays and articles
    • Poems
    • Videos
    • Photographs and illustrations
    • Charts and graphs
    • Songs and podcasts


    Get a head start on building text sets with our curated collections of books on specific topics.

    Benefits of Text Sets

    Knowledge Building

    Research has shown that students who received instruction on a topic using text sets demonstrated more knowledge of the concepts. Text sets offer more comprehensive coverage of a topic than a single text, providing students with a deeper knowledge base (Cervetti et al., 2016). 

    Vocabulary Development

    Reading multiple texts on the same topic exposes students to domain-specific vocabulary in different contexts, enabling them to retain more vocabulary (Cervetti et al., 2016).

    Critical Thinking

    Reading to learn across multiple texts can help students make inferences and connections between texts. Students build critical thinking skills by synthesizing what they’ve learned from a text set and drawing conclusions (Goldman, 2004).

    Engagement

    Using a mix of text formats and genres can keep students engaged, making them more likely to retain the information they read. Students who are more motivated to read ultimately have better learning outcomes (McBreen & Savage, 2021).

    Diverse Perspectives

    By receiving multiple viewpoints and interpretations of the same topic, students better understand the world around them.

    Text Sets


    Best Practices for Teaching with Text Sets

    Below are some ways to get the most out of teaching with text sets:

    Align with Units in Other Subjects

    Talk to your fellow teachers down the hall to discuss ways to combine efforts for a particular topic. For example, if your history department is teaching the Civil Rights Movement, create a text set for your class around the same subject. By connecting what students are learning across departments, they will be more likely to absorb information and be interested in the topic.

    Use an Anchor Text

    An anchor text, also known as a mentor text or target text, is one central text that is the main focus of your unit. The anchor text is often a more difficult text like a novel that is slightly above your students’ reading abilities. Your text set will be built out around this anchor text to promote understanding.

    For example, your academic standards may require the teaching of Number the Stars by Lois Lowry. You could create a text set with more accessible readings and resources about the Holocaust to scaffold the learning experience for your students.

    Spark Students’ Interest in the Topic

    Use a hook text when introducing a text set to get students invested in the topic right away (Lupo et al., 2019). A hook text is a compelling piece of media like a video, photo, map, or physical object that can spark curiosity. By leading with an interesting item instead of jumping directly into reading, students will be more engaged in the lesson.

    Teach Vocabulary

    Cross-curricular texts are likely to include topic-specific language that students have not encountered before. Create vocabulary lists from the texts and have students define and use the words in sentences. Take note of when vocabulary words are used in subsequent texts to further build understanding of the words.

    TIP: Pioneer Valley Text Sets include vocabulary charts with words that enhance knowledge around the theme of the text set. Educators can reference the page number where the vocabulary word first appears and note if it appears in multiple books within the text set.

    Differentiate Instruction

    Enable class-wide discussion while meeting students’ diverse needs. Assign books to individual students or a small group of students based on who will be most successful engaging with the text. Then have students share what they learned with other students.

    Example Activities for Teaching with Text Sets

    Graphic Organizers

    Use a 3-2-1 Reading Reflection graphic organizer after reading to prompt students to write three interesting facts, two things they learned, and one question they have about the topic.

    Ask students to select a new or unfamiliar word to use with a Vocabulary 4-Square. Students then write the definition, draw a picture, and provide synonyms to understand the meaning of the word. (See this graphic organizer in action!)

    Another option for building vocabulary knowledge is prompting students to make connections with what they already know. Use the Word Connections graphic organizer to give students the opportunity to provide examples of the word and identify connections they can make to remember its meaning.

    Class Discussion and Debate

    Foster deeper thinking about the content of the text set by arranging Socratic circles or class discussions. Provide talking points or key questions but allow students to lead the discussion themselves. Host student debates where students can argue different sides of the issues or questions raised by the texts. This encourages critical thinking and helps students practice developing a compelling argument.

    Research Projects

    Assign research projects based on the themes or topics of the text set. Students can use texts from the set as primary sources. Have students present their findings to the class, incorporating information from the text set.

    Creative Writing

    Use the themes or topics of the text set as prompts for creative writing assignments. Students can write their own stories, poems, or essays inspired by the texts. Consider these example prompts:

    • Write a poem or a fictional account set during the time period of the text(s), incorporating historical details.
    • Write an alternate ending or additional chapters to one of the texts in the set.
    • Write a letter to one of the characters in the book about their adventure, their challenge, or how they solved a problem in the book.

    Comparative Analysis

    After reading a few or all the texts in the set, have students write or talk about the connections between the texts. Students could complete traditional compare-and-contrast tasks like creating a Venn diagram or writing an essay. After reading additional texts, prompt students to look for areas where their perspectives on the topic have been confirmed or altered based on new information.

    Share Learning with a Carousel

    Use a collaborative learning structure such as a carousel activity to enhance engagement when students share their learning.

    Carousel Teaching Strategy Instructions

    1. Create stations around the room, each with a different question relevant to the topic of the text set. Write the question on a poster, large paper, or device where students can add their responses.
    2. Divide students into small groups and start each group at a different station. 
    3. Set a timer for 2–5 minutes and have students write down as many key points as they can to answer their question.
    4. Have the groups rotate to the next station to read through what the previous group wrote. They can agree or disagree with the group’s points and add their own. 
    5. Rotate until all groups have visited all stations.
    6. Have all students walk around the room to read the collective responses.
    7. Facilitate a class discussion to summarize findings and reflect on learning.


    Find these and other implementation strategies in our Text Set Toolkit.

    Takeaways for Educators

    By carefully selecting and organizing text sets, ELA teachers can create rich interdisciplinary learning experiences that deepen students' understanding and connect literacy skills to broader knowledge and real-world contexts. By encouraging questions and building engagement in class discussions, you will create an environment where students are excited to learn.

    After using text sets to facilitate learning, you’ll start to notice how invested students are in their new topic. Don’t be surprised to hear that their findings come up in discussions in other classes or even at the dinner table. Ultimately, you’ll see gains not just in reading, but across all subject areas!

     

    References

    Cervetti, G. N., et al. (2016). Conceptual coherence, comprehension, and vocabulary acquisition: A knowledge effect? Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 29(4), 761-779.

    Goldman, S. (2004). “Cognitive aspects of constructing meaning through and across multiple texts.” In N. Shuart-Faris and D. Bloome (eds.), Uses of intertextuality in classroom and educational research, 313-347. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.

    Lupo, S. M., et al. (2019). Rethinking text sets to support knowledge building and interdisciplinary learning. The Reading Teacher, 73(4), 513-524.

    McBreen, M., & Savage, R. (2021). The impact of motivational reading instruction on the reading achievement and motivation of students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 33, 1125–1163.

    Willingham, D. T. (2006). How knowledge helps: It speeds and strengthens reading comprehension, learning—and thinking. American Educator, 30(1). https://www.aft.org/ae/spring2006/willingham